{"id":1876,"date":"2021-11-18T11:01:52","date_gmt":"2021-11-18T11:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/vi\/?p=1876"},"modified":"2022-05-09T10:22:35","modified_gmt":"2022-05-09T10:22:35","slug":"tu-duy-phan-bien-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/tu-duy-phan-bien-la-gi","title":{"rendered":"T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n nay. V\u1eady t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/strong><\/a>? R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e9!<\/p>\n

1. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n (Critical Thinking) l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy – v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1, n\u1ed9i dung ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o – trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00ean h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong su\u1ed1t 2.500 n\u0103m qua. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n” c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

Theo National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking<\/a>\u00a0(1987), T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n quan t\u00e2m: Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/a><\/p>\n

\"tu-duy-phan-bien-la-gi\"
T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00f4ng tin. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu. Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch l\u0169y th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft hay t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 sai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch l\u0169y nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, suy lu\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ecm t\u00f2i, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau khi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u00f4i khi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, l\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eebng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u1eabn nhau. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm t\u00f2i nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m, thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 trong suy ngh\u0129, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u00ecm t\u00f2i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n

T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc chia t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh 2 lo\u1ea1i: T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 quan ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u1ed9i dung ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u00fang. V\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n di\u1ec5n ra trong n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ec7ch do v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ec7ch, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

3. 7 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/h2>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1eady l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n? Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t:<\/p>\n

3.1. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1ch quan<\/h3>\n

Suy ngh\u0129 ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mang c\u00e1i t\u00f4i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang ta d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n hay \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1ch quan suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Thay v\u00ec g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn ch\u1ee7 quan h\u00e3y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng suy ngh\u0129 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1ch quan trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch logic nh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n trong ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

3.2. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang d\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

3.3. \u0110\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/h3>\n
\"luon-dat-cau-hoi-trong-moi-truong-hop\"
Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cH\u00e3y bi\u1ebft ho\u00e0i nghi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\u201d – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a K.Marx ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nghi v\u1ea5n cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Nh\u1edd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n

3.4. \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h3>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n

3.5. \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra<\/h3>\n

Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn m\u00e0i m\u00f2n t\u01b0 duy ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m theo s\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i, v\u0103n m\u1eabu. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, khi ch\u01b0a t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

3.6. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qua c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng, d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, b\u1ea1n d\u1ec5 \u0111i nh\u1ea7m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn theo c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp th\u00f3i quen t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

3.7. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3. \u0110a s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n nay, thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

4. G\u1ee3i \u00fd 3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch hay v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n

R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u00e0m, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi 3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

4.1. C\u1ea9m nang t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n: Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 (Critical thinking: Concept and Tools)<\/h3>\n
\"sach-cam-nang-tu-duy-phan-bien\"
C\u1ea9m nang t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Richard Paul, Linda Elder. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung ng\u1eafn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong 46 trang nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Trong s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft. S\u00e1ch s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1n chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh T\u00e2m l\u00fd, c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0 duy, mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

4.2. T\u01b0 duy nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm (Thinking fast and slow)<\/h3>\n
\"sach-tu-duy-nhanh-va-cham\"
T\u01b0 duy nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

T\u01b0 duy nhanh v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Daniel Kehlmann. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel Kinh t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2002. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ednh phi l\u00fd. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, b\u1ed5 \u00edch cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5 \u00edch. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1eeba mang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u1eeba mang ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 vui nh\u1ed9n. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

4.3. L\u1ed1i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n
\"sach-loi-mon-cua-tu-duy-cam-tinh\"
L\u1ed1i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u1ed1i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ori Brafman \u2013 Rom Brafman \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0 duy, ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n n\u00f3i ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta tr\u00e1nh m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng suy ng\u1eabm, gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n m\u00e0y m\u00f2, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh, v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng chia s\u1ebb tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Jobtest<\/a> s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n nay. V\u1eady t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec? R\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u01b0 duy ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1877,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-1876","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-tin-tuc"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1876","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1876"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1876\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3105,"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1876\/revisions\/3105"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1877"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1876"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1876"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jobtest.vn\/hrblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1876"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}